The present study investigated the effect of combined post-activation potentiation (PAP) and TRANSCRANIAL RANDOM NOISE STIMULATION (tRNS) on maximal muscle activity in maximum voluntary isometric contraction test (MVIC) and integrated electromyography (IEMG) when knee extension was kept on the leg extension machine. 10 athlete students from wrestling, track and field and volleyball with mean age of 29/1 years performed one of four protocols that included usual warmup plus sham tRNS (control group), usual warm-up plus tRNS, usual warm-up plus performing a set of right leg extension (80% of 1 repetition maximal) on the leg extension machine and usual warm-up plus tRNS plus a set of right leg extension in four separate sessions which occurred 24 hours after each other. The brain waves activity levels and electromyogram activity of vastus lateralis, rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles were recorded simultaneously by using electroencephalography and electromyography respectively when the subjects performed were performing the test. The results showed a significant increase in the absolute power of all three brain waves in the Cz channel for every three conditions of the post-test compared to the pre-test during both MVIC (P=0. 001) and keeping leg extension tests on leg extension machine(P=0. 001). The amounts of maximum muscle activity for MVIC test and muscle IEMG values during keeping leg extension on the leg extension machine showed a significant increase in every three post-test conditions compared to the pre-test for all muscles (P=0. 001). The duration of keeping leg extension on the leg extension machine was significantly increased for every three post-test conditions compared to the pre-test (P=0. 001). It seems applying of tRNS and PAP, and also combined use of them after warm up can increase brain activity, maximum muscle activity, integrated electromyography and the duration of keeping leg extension in both tests compering to just warm up. Ultimatly, combined use of tRNS and PAP has an impressive effect compared to applying them separately.

Objective: Non-constant current STIMULATION (NCCS) is a neuromodulatory method in which weak alternating, pulsed or RANDOM currents are delivered to the human head via scalp or earlobe electrodes. This approach is widely used in basic and translational studies. However, the underlying mechanisms of NCCS, which lead to biological and behavioral effects in the brain, remain largely unknown. In this review, we characterize NCCS techniques currently being utilized in neuroscience investigations, including TRANSCRANIAL alternating current STIMULATION (tACS), TRANSCRANIAL pulsed current STIMULATION (tPCS), TRANSCRANIAL RANDOM NOISE STIMULATION (tRNS), and cranial electrotherapy STIMULATION (CES). Method: We unsystematically searched all relevant conference papers, journal articles, chapters, and textbooks on the biological mechanisms of NCCS techniques. Results: The fundamental idea of NCCS is that these low-level currents can interact with neuronal activity, modulate neuroplasticity and entrain cortical networks, thus, modifying cognition and behavior. We elucidate the mechanisms of action for each NCCS technique. These techniques may cause microscopic effects (such as affecting ion channels and neurotransmission systems) and macroscopic effects (such as affecting brain oscillations and functional connectivity) on the brain through different mechanisms of action (such as neural entrainment and stochastic resonance). Conclusion: The appeal of NCCS is its potential to modulate neuroplasticity noninvasively, along with the ease of use and good tolerability. Promising and interesting evidence has been reported for the capacity of NCCS to affect neural circuits and the behaviors under their control. Today, the challenge is to utilize this advancement optimally. Continuing methodological advancements with NCCS approaches will enable researchers to better understand how NCCS can be utilized for the modulation of nervous system activity and subsequent behaviors, with possible applications to non-clinical and clinical practices.

Background and Aim: Tinnitus is an auditory phantom percept in the absence of any objective physical sound source. Although advances have been made in its treatment, there is very low percent of patients that report an elimination of their tinnitus. A novel approach using noninvasive neuromodulation has emerged as an interesting and promising modality for tinnitus relief.Our aim in this review is to investigate the efficacy and the specific parameters of some types of noninvasive neuromodulation using TRANSCRANIAL electrical STIMULATION (TES) namely TRANSCRANIAL direct current STIMULATION (tDCS), TRANSCRANIAL alternative current STIMULATION (tACS), TRANSCRANIAL RANDOM NOISE STIMULATION (tRNS). Then we will correlate the outcomes with the findings of the most newly neurobiologic and neuroimaging researches.Recent Findings: Up to now, the optimal use of tDCS was to apply a current of 2 mA for 20 minute over both auditory cortex or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The results were somewhat good but still need more optimization. While there is no effects of tACS; tRNS is shown to have the more suppressive effects among the three types of TES, so it would be a promising therapeutic tool for modulating tinnitus. In addition, recently many researches on tinnitus have shed light on the tinnitus generating network and it’s correlation to another functional brain networks. This article show how can the neuromodulation be optimized by using these new concepts.Conclusion: Although the different techniques introduced revealed promising results, further research is needed to better understand how they work and how the brain responds to neuromodulation.

During the past 20 years, non-invasive brain STIMULATION has become an emerging field in clinical neuroscience due to its capability to transiently modulate corticospinal excitability, motor and cognitive functions. Whereas TRANSCRANIAL magnetic STIMULATION has been used extensively since more than two decades ago as a potential “neuromodulator”, TRANSCRANIAL current STIMULATION (tCS) has more recently gathered increased scientific interests. The primary aim of this narrative review is to describe characteristics of different tCS paradigms. tCS is an umbrella term for a number of brain modulating paradigms such as TRANSCRANIAL direct current STIMULATION (tDCS), TRANSCRANIAL alternative current STIMULATION (tACS), and TRANSCRANIAL RANDOM NOISE STIMULATION (tRNS). Their efficacy is dependent on two current parameters: intensity and length of application. Unlike tACS and tRNS, tDCS is polarity dependent.These techniques could be used as stand-alone techniques or can be used to prime the effects of other movement trainings.The review also summarises safety issues, the mechanisms of tDCS-induced neuroplasticity, limitations of current state of knowledge in the literature, tool that could be used to understand brain plasticity effects in motor regions and tool that could be used to understand motor learning effects.

2TRANSCRANIAL magnetic STIMULATION (TMS) is a therapeutic method that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells to improve the symptoms of some brain diseases. This procedure is "non-invasive" because it is performed without the use of surgery or cutting the skin. The first mental illness to receive TMS treatment approval from the US Food and Drug Administration was depression. TMS in the treatment of depression is usually only used when other depression treatments have not been effective. The FDA has also approved TMS for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), when it does not respond well to standard treatments. When TMS is used for depression, OCD, and other conditions, the treatment is by sending repeated magnetic pulses, so it's called repetitive magnetic brain STIMULATION (rTMS). Research into other potential applications of rTMS, including epilepsy and other neurological diseases, is ongoing. It seems that TRANSCRANIAL magnetic STIMULATION has finally found a clear place in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Although the effectiveness of this treatment has been proven in some psychiatric diseases, there is still a need for more interventional studies in the case of neurological diseases.

Background and Purpose: Learning disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that leads to difficulties in learning and performance of reading, writing, and mathematics. TRANSCRANIAL electrical STIMULATION is one of the recent interventions that has been used in this group. The current paper aimed to systematically combine the findings of the existing studies to find the effectiveness of these brain STIMULATION interventions in improving the executive functions and mathematical performance of individuals with learning disorders, as well as the possible moderating variables using the meta-analysis method. Method: The statistical population of the research was all published studies including scientific articles and theses. The systematic literature turned 21 studies in the meta-analysis, and 64 effect size Cohen’s ds were extracted and analyzed using CMA3 software. Results: The findings showed a significant moderate combined effect size in both fixed and RANDOM effects models. Moreover, the effect size of the TRANSCRANIAL RANDOM NOISE STIMULATION was shown to be larger than the TRANSCRANIAL direct-current STIMULATION and TRANSCRANIAL alternating current STIMULATION. In addition, the meta-regression showed that age is a significant predictor and moderator with a better effectiveness in younger individuals. Conclusion: These findings reveal that TRANSCRANIAL electrical STIMULATION, especially RANDOM NOISE method, as one of the effective interventions in improving the executive functions and mathematical performance of children with learning disorder.

In order to increase the signal/NOISE ratio, one of the important challenges in seismic data processing is suppression of RANDOM NOISEs. In this paper f-x deconvolution or deconvolution in frequency-space domain is employed for reduction of RANDOM NOISEs from seismic section. This is based on data transformation from time-space domain to frequency-space domain. Seismic events are correlatable along x-direction from trace to trace but RANDOM NOISEs are not. In fact f-x deconvolution is able to predict coherent events from trace to trace in space direction. In this paper a computer code for f-x deconvolution has been written. This program applied on shot records and zero offset section with different levels of RANDOM NOISEs. Consequently, the ability of f-x deconvolution in reduction of RANDOM NOISEs has been proved.